In the Garden
‘Ohi‘a lehua
HUI KU MAOLI OLA Latin name: Metrosideros polymorpha 'Ohi'a probably evolved here from plants that originally came from New Zealand or Australia thousands of years ago. They are from the same genus and look very similar to their ancestors. Many nurseries here grow these non-native varieties, not knowing the potential damage they may be causing from cross-pollination with native species. It is important to stick to growing native species to preserve the genetic integrity of the plants. Growing plants specific to your island or even region of the island is always best for home gardeners because such plants are naturally suited to such areas.
Description: Of the five different species of 'ohi'a recognized, this is the most variable. The leaves of this plant range from one-half to 3 inches. They can be glabrous or hairy. The new leaves, or liko, range in color from dark purple -- almost black -- to red, gold and everything in between. Some plants bush out, while others grow to more than 80 feet tall.
The 'ohi'a, or lehua, as some people call it, is best known for its flowers. They are just as variable as the plants themselves. Color ranges from very dark red (lehua 'apane) to yellow (lehua mamo) or even white (lehua kea), according to some legends. I've seen a flower that was dark red at the base, gradually faded to yellow and finally ended with greenish tips. It was unbelievably beautiful.
Distribution: The 'ohi'a is an endemic plant found on all the main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe, although they were likely found on those islands in the past. Today, 'ohi'a is found mainly at higher elevations. There are some places where you can still see them on the coast and in lowland dry forests, but these instances are rare. Originally, their range extended from sea level to around 6,500 feet above.
Landscape use and care: Plant 'ohi'a anywhere. It is such a beautiful plant, it deserves to be as dominant in the landscapes as it is in the native forests. Once planted, it should be watered daily for up to three or four months in well-drained soil. After that, watering once every two to three days is sufficient unless you live in a very dry place or on the beach. Generally, the plant reaches a height of about 15 to 30 feet in the landscape, but height can be controlled by pruning, which also stimulates bushiness. Stem borers sometimes eat out stems and eventually the whole plant, often killing it. If you see a limb drying out, cut it immediately to prevent more damage.
Cultural uses: One of the most important woods in Hawaiian culture, 'ohi'a was used in house construction. Rafters and posts were made from it. Decking, seats and gunwales of canoes were also made of 'ohi'a. Its flowers, buds and leaf buds were gathered to make leis or to decorate hula altars dedicated to the god Kuka'ohi'a. Religious carvings called kii were made of 'ohi'a, as well.
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